Faten Kh. I. Secondary metabolites as a nonenzymatic antioxidant system in plants.
Article Sidebar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses including drought, salinity, heavy metals, UV radiation, and pathogen infections that result in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS can cause oxidization of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids which are detrimental to cellular components and thus impact plant growth and development. To avoid oxidative stress, plants require a finely tuned collaborative antioxidant defense system which includes enzymatic (peroxidases, catalases) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate, glutathione, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic chemicals) antioxidants. Notably, phenolic metabolites should be highlighted since these chemicals are secondary metabolites derived from shikimate and mevalonate pathways with various biological actions. They are accumulated differentially across a variety of tissues—roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds—and some even exported to the phyllosphere and rhizosphere for ecological functions dissociated from the tissues of origin. The structural characteristics of phenolics—aromatic rings with hydroxyl functional groups—render them electro-donors or hydrogen donors to initiate ROS scavenging and ultimately stabilize the free radicals. Thus, we review herein that phenolics act as non-enzymatic antioxidants whose upregulation under stress is important for adaptive mechanism to postpone lipid peroxidation of membranes and nucleotides injury leading to premature programmed cell death. Therefore, this study seeks to collate the literature from present to date to elucidate the biochemical truth about phenolics and their ecological significance in stress response with suggestions for further investigation.
Downloads
Article Details
References
E. P. da Silva, “The role of phenolic compounds in metabolism and their antioxidant potential ”, RSD, vol. 11, no. 10, p. e297111031750, Aug. 2022. doi: 10.33448/rsd-v11i10.31750.
W. Mushtaq, M. B. Siddiqui, and K. R. Hakeem, Allelopathy: Potential for Green Agriculture, 1st ed., SpringerBriefs in Agriculture. Springer Cham, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-40807-7.
M. Fujita and M. Hasanuzzaman, "Approaches to Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants,"
Antioxidants, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 925, 2022, doi: 10.3390/antiox11050925.
A. Kołton, O. Długosz-Grochowska, R. Wojciechowska, and M. Czaja, "Biosynthesis Regulation of Folates and Phenols in Plants," Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 291, p. 110561, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110561.
Saul S, Barboza OM, Souza JT, Soares ÉN, Cleonice S, Pacheco LV, et al. Structural design, synthesis and antioxidant, antileishmania, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of a novel quercetin acetylated derivative. Molecules. 2021;26. doi: 10.3390/molecules26226923.
M. I. Naikoo, M. I. Dar, F. Raghib, H. Jaleel, B. Ahmad, A. Raina, F. A. Khan, and F. Naushin, "Role and Regulation of Plants Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Overview," in Plant Signaling Molecules, M. I. R. Khan, P. S. Reddy, A. Ferrante, and N. A. Khan, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 157-168, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816451-8.00009-5.
H. H. Al Mamari, ‘Phenolic Compounds: Classification, Chemistry, and Updated Techniques of Analysis and Synthesis’, Biochemistry. IntechOpen, Feb. 23, 2022. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.98958.
S. Kumar, B. Bhushan, G. C. Wakchaure, K. K. Meena, M. Kumar, N. L. Meena, and J. Rane, " Plant Phenolics Under Water-Deficit Conditions: Biosynthesis, Accumulation, and Physiological Roles in Water Stress Alleviation" in *Plant Phenolics in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 1*, R. Lone, R. Shuab, and A. N. Kamili, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020, pp. 451-465. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4890-1_19.
V. Lattanzio, "Phenolic Compounds: Introduction," in Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, K. G. Ramawat and J.-M. Mérillon, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 1543-1580. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_57.
M. I. Dar, M. I. Naikoo, F. A. Khan, F. Rehman, I. D. Green, F. Naushin, and A. A. Ansari, " An Introduction to Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism Under Changing Climate in Plants", 2017, pp. 25- 52, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5254-5_2.
T. S. Per, M. I. R. Khan, N. A. Anjum, A. Masood, S. J. Hussain, and N. A. Khan, “Jasmonates in plants under abiotic stresses: Crosstalk with other phytohormones matters,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 145, pp. 104–120, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.11.004.
Weidner S, Karamać M, Amarowicz R, Szypulska E, Gołgowska A. Changes in composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of Vitis amurensis seeds germinated under osmotic stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2007;29(3):283–90. doi: 10.1007/s11738-007-0035-4.
I. M. Chung, J. J. Kim, J. D. Lim, C. Y. Yu, S. H. Kim, and S. J. Hahn, “Comparison of resveratrol, SOD activity, phenolic compounds and free amino acids in Rehmannia glutinosa under temperature and water stress,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 44–53, May 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.001.
W. Hu, Sarengaowa, Y. Guan, and K. Feng, “Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 13, May 2022, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.906069.
M. Chaki, J. C. Begara-Morales, and J. B. Barroso, “Oxidative Stress in Plants,” Antioxidants, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 481, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/antiox9060481.
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Zulfiqar F, Raza A, Mohsin SM, Mahmud JA, et al. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Revisiting the Crucial Role of a Universal Defense Regulator. Antioxidants. 2020;9(8). doi: 10.3390/antiox9080681.
M. Hasanuzzaman, J. A. Mahmud, T. I. Anee, K. Nahar, and M. T. Islam, “Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat: Omics Approaches in Understanding and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense,” Abiotic Stress-Mediated Sensing and Signaling in Plants: An Omics Perspective, pp. 267–307, 2018, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7479-0_10.
J. Dumanović, E. Nepovimova, M. Natić, K. Kuča, and V. Jaćević, “The Significance of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense System in Plants: A Concise Overview,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.552969.
Villiers F, Ducruix C, Hugouvieux V, Jarno N, Ezan E, Garin J, et al. Investigating the plant response to cadmium exposure by proteomic and metabolomic approaches. Proteomics. 2011;11(9):1650–63. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201000645.
M. Hatami, H. Naghdi Badi, and M. Ghorbanpour, “Nano-Elicitation of Secondary Pharmaceutical Metabolites in Plant Cells: A Review,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 3, no. 71, pp. 6–36, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.29252/jmp.3.71.6.
A. Michalak, "Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in plants growing under heavy metal stress," *Polish Journal of Environmental Studies*, vol. 15, pp. 523-530, 2006, https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43555846.
C. Bota and C. Deliu, “The effect of copper sulphate on the production of flavonoids in Digitalis lanata cell cultures” FARMACIA, vol. 59, p. 1, 2011, Accessed: Aug. 19, 2024, [Online].
Imran M, Hussain S, He L, Ashraf MF, Ihtisham M, Warraich EA, et al. Molybdenum-Induced Regulation of Antioxidant DefenseMitigated Cadmium Stress in Aromatic Rice and Improved Crop Growth, Yield, and Quality Traits. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6). doi: 10.3390/antiox10060838ff.
V. Rai, P. Vajpayee, S. N. Singh, and S. Mehrotra, “Effect of chromium accumulation on photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defense system, nitrate reduction, proline level and eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.,” Plant Science, vol. 167, no. 5, pp. 1159–1169, Nov. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.016.
Nakabayashi R, YonekuraSakakibara K, Urano K, Suzuki M, Yamada Y, Nishizawa T, et al. Enhancement of oxidative and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by overaccumulation of antioxidant flavonoids. Plant J. 2014;77(3):367–79. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12388.
L. Siracusa, F. Gresta, E. Sperlinga, and G. Ruberto, “Effect of sowing time and soil water content on grain yield and phenolic profile of four buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) varieties in a Mediterranean environment,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 62, pp. 1–7, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.005.
U. Sarker and S. Oba, “Response of nutrients, minerals, antioxidant leaf pigments, vitamins, polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity in selected vegetable amaranth under four soil water content,” Food Chemistry, vol. 252, pp. 72–83, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.097.
C. Brunetti et al., “Metabolic plasticity in the hygrophyte Moringa oleifera exposed to water stress,” Tree Physiology, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpy089.
Król A, Amarowicz R, Weidner S. Changes in the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of grapevine roots and leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) under continuous of longterm drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2014;36(6):1491–9. doi: 10.1007/s11738-014-1526-8.
V. Lattanzio, V. Lattanzio, and A. Cardinali, “Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects” Research Signpost, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 81–308, 2006. [Online].
N. Tuteja and S. Mahajan, “Calcium Signaling Network in Plants,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79–85, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.4161/psb.2.2.4176.
Galieni A, Mattia D, Gregorio D, Speca S, Mastrocola D, Pisante M, et al. Effects of nutrient deficiency and abiotic environmental stresses on yield, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 2015;187:93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.02.036.