Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences

Baydaa H. O. Using bioinformatics tools to analyze the effect of Steviol Glycosides on the C-Glucan binding protein of Streptococcus mutans compared to Eugenol

Dr.Baydaa Hamad Obaid Saleh — 2026-10-22

Dental caries is a common chronic condition caused by cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus Mutans, which attach to tooth surfaces and metabolize carbohydrates to produce acid, demineralizing the tooth structure. Eugenol contains analgesic, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral characteristics, whereas Steviol glycosides have a wide range of medicinal qualities, including the prevention of tooth decay. In this research used an in-silico approach to investigate complexes of 5UQZ (Glucan Binding Protein C) in chain A with eugenol as a control and Steviol glycosides. Docking accuracy was improved by using the PyRx default sorter. Eugenol had a degree of binding of -5.9 kcal/mol, whereas steviol glycosides had -9.8 kcal/mol. This study discovered that steviol glycosides have a higher binding strength than eugenol. Some research have revealed that Stevioside possesses anti-mutagenic properties, which may reduce the risk of dental caries. However, more research is needed on its mechanism of action, the optimal concentration, and the use of raw Steviol glycosides extract.

Noor A. A. Isolation and Characterization of Indigenous Rhizobacteria from rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Noor Aziz — 2026-10-22

In this study a collection of soil from root rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultured in Hawi Al-Kanissa region in right bank and Al-Qubba region in left bank of Tigris river of Mosul city-Iraq was done. Eighteen rhizobacterial isolates was obtained, nine from each bank. Purification of rhizobacterial isolates was done and subjected to cultural and microscopic examination. Results revealed that the shape of the cells varied from short bacilli to bacilli and spherical. All the isolates was Gram positive with exception with NR6 andNR7 which were negative for Gram stain. Results showed that all the isolates were motile except NR1, NR8, NR12 and NR16. Cultural emphasis showed extreme production of exopolysaccharide by the isolates NR9, NR12, NR13 and NR15. Biochemical tests results revealed that positive results for catalase, whereas variant for oxidase, triple sugar iron, starch hydrolysis and citrate utilization. All the isolates were negative for urea test with exception to NR8 and NR9. All the rhizobacterial isolates were positive for indole test with exception to NR11, NR12 and NR14. Sensitivity and resistance test for eight studied antibiotics revealed that three rhizobacterial isolates have resistance to three antibiotics or more. Test of tolerance of rhizobacterial isolates to different concentrations of sodium chloride revealed that these isolates was tolerant to this salt and maximum of tolerance reached to 10 % (w/v) by the isolate NR3.

Athra G. S. Computational Methods to Study properties of the medicinal compound, Tromantadine

Athra G. Sager — 2026-10-22

Tromantadine is a drug commonly prescribed for curing herpes simplex virus. This medicine is also called Viru-Merz and Viru-Merz Serol. Tromantadine usually utilized to inhibit the penetration of the virus. To examine the biological activity of tromantadine, a theoretical study was achieved using the Gaussian software program 09. The geometrical arrangement and energy gap (ΔE) of this drug were determined by Density Functional Theory (DFT) on the best set 6-311++G. Moreover, Tromantadine properties were studied through the estimation of the HOMO and LUMO orbitals. In the molecular structure, the charge on every atom was established via atomic charge distribution. Additionally, structure of was analyzed by molecular electrostatic potential, which showed this compound structure posses a slight electronegativity.

Ebtehal M. J. Role algae communities to reduce Climate Change

Ebtehal Alasade — 2026-10-22

Over the past few decades, there has been a global focus on the threat posed by pollution and climate change brought on by diverse human activities. Although carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques were originally seen to be a potential technological solution to lessen this concerning situation, they are now regarded as economically burdensome, and it is yet unknown how they would affect the environment in the long run. An alternative method for recycling the surplus CO₂ produced by power stations, cars, volcanic explosions, and the breakdown of organic matter is the biological capture of CO₂ using microalgae. Algae offer a promising way to sequester carbon as global CO₂ emissions rise. They effectively collect CO₂ from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, turning it into biomass at rates that are noticeably higher than those of conventional plant systems. Microalgae are positioned as a feasible substitute for reducing climate change due to this natural process. This essay examines the ecological significance of algae in absorbing CO₂ and converting CO₂ into biomass by microalgae, which can be used as a carbon source to create bioenergy and different goods with important value in the future.

Muthana S. A. Impact of varying plasticizer on coated graphite electrodes performance for DOXYCYCLINE estimation

Muthana Saeed — 2026-10-22

Coated graphite electrodes (CGE) are used in this study. Doxycycline hyclate (DOX) has been successfully detected using the manufactured electrodes DOX-DBP, DOX-TBP, and DOX-NB in pure, pharmaceutical (Monodoks 100 mg/capsules), and biological formulations. With a low percentage of RSD (1.1873-2.0438)%, the percentage of recoveries was found to be within the range of (96.99-103.6808)%, indicating the accuracy of the drug estimation method. Additionally, it was discovered to have a long life, low detection limit, broad linearity, a good slope also this method has rapid, and economical. and excellent potential stability.

Rana T. Y. Efficiency of Helianthus annuus L. plant tissues in phytoremedation of nano pollutants

Rana Yahya — 2026-10-22

The increasing rate of urbanization and industrialization has led to an increase in many types of pollution caused by the release of toxic chemicals into the environment, including nanomaterials. These pollutants have negative effects on the health of plants, animals, and humans, and they also lead to the destruction of microbial communities in both aquatic and terrestrial areas, this necessitated the need for treatment. Of the pollution types.

Although various treatment methods, such as physical and chemical methods, have been adopted for years, the drawbacks and challenges associated with them have encouraged the use of an alternative, which is bioremediation. Bioremediation involves the use of biological agents such as plants and microbes to remove or reduce the effects of environmental pollutants. Of the two types, plants, including sunflowers, are more commonly used due to their rapid growth and ease of use, enhancing their function as bioremediation agents.

In this field this review discusses pollution, nanotechnology, its impact on the environment, bioremediation mechanisms and agents, and recommends possible steps that can be taken to enhance the use of sunflowers as efficient bioremediation agents.

Baidaa A. The effect of tacrolimus and Triticum Aestivum Germ Oil on the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in the liver of male albino mice: an immunohistochemical and molecular study

Baidaa Abdulaziz Mohamed Salah — 2026-10-22

Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressant, while wheat germ oil is a recently discovered compound that is a potent antioxidant. The current study investigated the role of Triticum Aestivum Germ Oil in influencing the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through its effect on the protein Bax.Forty male white mice, Mus musculus were used, divided into four sets, each containing 10 individuals: negative control group (distilled water) set, positive control set (wheat germ oil , 1130 mg/kg), tacrolimus (0.4 mg/kg) set, and a set treated with tacrolimus and wheat germ oil together. The animals were treated for two periods, 14 and 28 days. The findings demonstrated that tacrolimus increases the activity of the Baxdelta2G9 (Bax protein) in hepatocytes; however, after 14 days of treatment with the two chemicals under investigation, the group's immunohistochemistry activity declined, and over the course of 28 days, the response and improvement grew. Additionally, the group that got tacrolimus revealed arise in Bax transcription, whereas the group that received wheat germ oil showed a decrease in this gene expression. Additionally, the improvement was noted as the experiment's duration grew. We conclude from this that the drug tacrolimus stimulates the activity of the intrinsic pathway of programmed death, but the use of an antioxidant such as wheat germ oil improves and reduces the activity of this pathway in the liver.

Keywords: Cell death, Reactivity, Rodents, Apoptosis, qPCR.

Hiba Sh. A. Chemical and Bacteriological Evaluation of Water Quality in some Water treatment Units in Diyala Governorate

hiba shihab — 2026-10-22

The purpose of this study is to assess the water quality at a few Diyala Governorate water treatment facilities, taking into account factors like pH, electrical conductivity, heavy metals, and some dangerous bacteria. It also assessed the effectiveness of a few water treatment facilities, where samples were subjected to chemical and biological analyses both before to and following water treatment. Five water treatment facilities located in Abu Saida, Dhubab, Awasheq, Zherat, and Jabinat are included in this study. In December 2022, water samples were gathered in the Iraqi Diyala Governorate. Certain heavy metal concentrations were found to be higher than what the World Health Organization (WHO) allows. All water treatment facilities had lead and cadmium concentrations over the allowable level of 0.01 and 0.003 parts per million, respectively. In every site under study, the pH and electrical conductivity levels fell within the WHO-established acceptable ranges. Nine different types of bacteria were isolated using the centrifugation method to assess the bacterial component of this study. Streptococcus (S. faecalis) was found in all water stations, Staphylococcus aureus was found in Zherat and Jabinat stations, and Escherichia coli was found in Abu Saida station. In addition to raising cultural awareness about adhering to WHO water regulations to ensure public health, this study suggested that periodic monitoring and examination of water treatment plants in Diyala Governorate be carried out.

Iman A. A. Isolation of Gram-negative bacteria from wounds and burn and evaluation of their antibiotic resistance

Iman Abdulrazzaq — 2026-10-22

Was done in this study isolate and identify Gram-negative bacteria from pus samples collected from patients with wound and burn infections, attending Al-Salam Teaching Hospital, Mosul General Hospital, and Mosul Center for Burns and Plastic Surgery. Bacterial isolates were identified based on cultural, morphological, microscopic characteristics, and biochemical tests. Identification was further confirmed using the VITEK-2 system to ensure accurate species determination. A total of 88 bacterial isolates were obtained from 54 pus samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae were the most prevalent species, accounting for 28 isolates (31.81%). This was followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 10 isolates (11.39%), Klebsiella aerogenes with 6 isolates (7%), Escherichia coli with 7 isolates (8%), and Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Raoultella ornithinolytica with 2 isolates each (2.20%). Additionally, Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens, and Salmonella spp. were each represented by 1 isolate (1. 13%). Antibiotics susceptibility testing revealed a high level of resistance among Gram-negative bacteria to cephalosporin antibiotics, with resistance rates of 95.5% for ceftazidime, and 93% for both ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Moreover, macrolide antibiotics, specifically azithromycin, showed a resistance rate of 75%. In contrast, chloramphenicol demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy among the tested antibiotics against Gram-negative isolates.

Nawras A. H. Review: The role of folic acid in avoiding congenital disabilities.

Nawras Al Jubouri — 2026-10-22

Folic acid (folacin, vitamin B9) is a vitamin with several significant functions in the human body. For this reason, too little or too much folic acid can increase the incidence of adverse health effects. This study reviewed current peer-reviewed scientific literature regarding folacin and the effects on pregnant women. We completed a systematic review of literature from peer-reviewed studies up to June 2025 from scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Elsevier. The succeeding utilized words and concoctions were used in the review - folacin, folate, folic acid supplements, folacin absence in prenatal women. The use of folacin, in regard to its biological action, has both direct and indirect actions on the metabolic system of the cell body of the pregnant woman as a whole since metabolism is for the mother and fetus specifically. Folic acid plays a role in avoiding megaloblastic anemia, and neural tube defects NTDs, it is also helpful in the preservation of overall nervous system functionality and helps to decrease the risk of some types of malignant disease. It is presently being vigorously asserted that the uses of folic acid are significant in supporting a normal pregnancy

Faten Kh. I. Secondary metabolites as a nonenzymatic antioxidant system in plants.

Faten khaleel Ibrahim — 2026-10-22

Plants are constantly challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses including drought, salinity, heavy metals, UV radiation, and pathogen infections that result in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS can cause oxidization of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids which are detrimental to cellular components and thus impact plant growth and development. To avoid oxidative stress, plants require a finely tuned collaborative antioxidant defense system which includes enzymatic (peroxidases, catalases) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate, glutathione, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic chemicals) antioxidants. Notably, phenolic metabolites should be highlighted since these chemicals are secondary metabolites derived from shikimate and mevalonate pathways with various biological actions. They are accumulated differentially across a variety of tissues—roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds—and some even exported to the phyllosphere and rhizosphere for ecological functions dissociated from the tissues of origin. The structural characteristics of phenolics—aromatic rings with hydroxyl functional groups—render them electro-donors or hydrogen donors to initiate ROS scavenging and ultimately stabilize the free radicals. Thus, we review herein that phenolics act as non-enzymatic antioxidants whose upregulation under stress is important for adaptive mechanism to postpone lipid peroxidation of membranes and nucleotides injury leading to premature programmed cell death. Therefore, this study seeks to collate the literature from present to date to elucidate the biochemical truth about phenolics and their ecological significance in stress response with suggestions for further investigation.

Wael A. O. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Acinetobacter haemolyticus from Urinary Tract Infections and Hospital Wastewater

Wael Adil Obaid — 2026-10-22

ABSTRACT: Background: Acinetobacter haemolyticus (A. haemolyticus) is pathogenic species and resistance bacteria to different type of antibiotic and this resistance characteristic return to Abuse of antibiotics and the common gene exchange amongst hospital microorganisms. Objective: The purpose of this research is determine the origin source of Acinetobacter haemolyticus infections and determining the most effective treatment strategy . Methods: Thirty samples used for research and identify A. haemolyticus, fifteen of this samples carried out of urine were placed in sterile urine cups collected from UTIs patient’s and fifteen of samples carried out from hospital wastewater, all samples cultured on Macconkay agar, Eosin methylene blue and blood agar then confirmed the identification through DL microbial ID/AST system (Enterobact. IST CARD) model DL-120E and detected MIC, resistance, suitability of A. haemolyticus for some type of antibiotic. Results: Thirty (30) samples were collected and cultured on different media, diagnosed 5 samples of urine (33,3%) as a positive growth for A, haemolyticus while remaining 10 samples (66.6%) showed negative growth, However, out of 15 hospital wastewater samples, 3 (20%) showed positive growth for A. haemolyticus whereas the remaining 80% showed negative growth. Following confirmation of A.haemolyticus identify using DL microbial ID/AST method at the same time detected MIC, resistance and susceptibility of A. haemolyticus for some type of antibiotic. Found A. haemolyticus was sensitive for some antibiotic include (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Cefepime, Cefuroxime (vi), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Meropenem, Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, Minocycline) and resistance for two type of antibiotic include (Imipenem and Meropenem). Conclusion: In this study appeared even though A. haemolyticus was isolated from two distinct sources (sewage and urine) and produced identical results in terms of MIC, antibiotic resistance, and appropriateness, this work opens up a number of other investigations, one of those genes examined each type of bacterium based on where it was isolated (inside or outside the human body), revealing the differences between the bacteria's genes and whether or not environmental factors affected of this bacteria.

Mohammed S. A . Microbial Interactions and Cancer Prognosis: A Review of The Role of Bacteria in Tumor Progression

Mohammed S. Abbas — 2026-10-22

Research into how germs and cancer influence each other has rapidly become one of todays most exciting topics in cancer science. In this work, we map out the many ways the body s microbe communities shape cancer results, zeroing in on key bacteria linked to the start, spread, and treatment of tumors. Powerful new tools like metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing now show that an unbalanced microbiome can weaken immunity, fuel long-lasting inflammation, and push metabolism down risky paths that favor tumors. Advanced microbe fingerprints even appear to serve as early warning signs for some cancers, guide prognosis, and reveal which therapies may or may not work. Because of this promise, strategies like adding helpful probiotics or performing fecal transplants are moving to the forefront of bespoke cancer care. Yet real-world use remains hampered by the tangled nature of microbial networks, huge differences from one patient to the next, and the hard job of turning lab results into routine clinic tools. This review therefore calls for open teamwork across fields so we can build, test, and roll out safe, effective microbiome-based cancer solutions.

Zainab H. M. The Barberry Fruit Extract and Metformin as a protective effect on the embryonic development and kidney tissues functioning in a rat model of experimental gestational diabetes

Zainab Hasan — 2026-10-22

This study was carried out to assess the effects of Berberis vulgaris fruit extract and metformin on maternal metabolic parameters, fetal growth and organ development under the condition of gestational diabetes in albino rats. Gestational diabetes has been induced with a high-fat/ high-sugar diet that was followed by administration of streptozotocin. Pregnant rats were divided into 5 groups: control, HFHS diet, HFHS + metformin, HFHS + barberry extract, and HFHS + metformin + barberry extract. Maternal body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance were measured as well as fetal growth and placental efficiency. Histological study of fetal kidneys and skeletal staining was carried out in order to assess organ development and skeletal development. Results showed that the HFHS diet caused maternal hyperglycemia, insensitivity to insulin, deficiency in placental growth and organ abnormality in fetuses. Both metformin and barberry extract alone improved maternal metabolic profiles and fetal outcomes, however, the combination of both had the greatest improvements including normalized glucose levels in maternal blood, improved fetal growth, and near complete normalization of kidney histology and skeletal ossification. These results indicate the synergistic effect of barberry extract and metformin for reducing the negative impact of gestational diabetes on fetal development.

Nuha H. Kh. Alterations in Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Creatine Kinase Levels in Relation to Physical Activity Intensity

Nuha Hamza Khedhir — 2026-10-22

The objective of this study was to investigate how muscle-related enzymes, i.e., creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), depend on various degrees of physical exercise intensity in apparently healthy individuals. The study participants, 180 in number, between 20 and 50 years old, were selected from Kirkuk city and divided into three groups according to their physical activity: sedentary, moderately active, and highly active. Blood was taken before and 30 minutes after exercise in the active groups, and serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were determined. In addition, heart rate and blood lactate concentrations were measured.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of initial levels of CK and LDH enzymes, i.e., (p > 0.05). However, after exercise, there was a significant increase in levels of CK and LDH enzymes in moderate and high activity groups, i.e., (p < 0.001), with higher levels of enzymes in highly active individuals.

The increase in CK levels is related to muscle stress during exercise and is a result of temporary changes in cell membrane permeability, and the increase in LDH levels relates to increased demand during exercise. This combination of markers gives a picture of what happens in terms of structure and metabolism in the muscles.

Alaa H. A. Synthesis and characterization and Anti-cancer activity of nickel(II) complexes containing a mixture of benzatriazole derivative, Phenonthroline, and Biperidine, and evaluation of their bioavailability

Alaa — 2026-10-22

The study of inorganic chemistry, particularly coordination chemistry, has grown more

important recently as a result of its significant advancements in the scientific field of preparing and characterizing coordination complexes. Coordination compounds have attracted considerable attention from researchers due to of their crucial function in a number of aspects of existence. These complexes have been employed extensively in industry, agriculture, and medicine, and even in the field of Pollution (1-5). The formation of these complexes involves transition elements and representative elements, but they are particularly observed with transition element ions. This is because they provide empty orbitals, and their orbital energies are lower than those of the nonmetal atoms involved in the ligand structure, which possesses non-shared electron pairs capable of bonding with the metal ion.

Nickel is the eighth element of the first transition series (3d elements), and it has an outer electron configuration (4s² 3d⁸). The stability of its compounds decreases as its oxidation state increases, and the oxidation state (II) is one of the most stable states of nickel. Therefore, nickel(II) is the most common in the chemistry of transition elements, but it is not easy to work with because of the changes that occur in the structure of some octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar complexes, as well as the formation of polymers (6).

Ali F. H. The Laplace Transform as a Graph-Based Data Structure

Ali Farhan — 2026-10-22

In this paper, we present a graph-based structural reformulation of the Laplace transform, referred to as the Laplace Transform Graph (LTG). Within this framework, functions in the time and frequency domains are treated as structured data objects (vertices), while directed edges represent direct and inverse Laplace transform operators.

The LTG provides a unified two-layer mapping structure between functional spaces, explicitly linking each function to its transformed counterpart. The proposed model establishes formal structural properties, including cycle formation, vertex degree characteristics, and convergence constraints induced by transformation consistency.

Computational algorithms are developed to construct and analyze the LTG, enabling path simplification and structural verification. The framework offers a data-oriented perspective on the Laplace transform, bridging functional analysis and graph-based structural modeling for both theoretical interpretation and computational implementation.

Ahmed T. M. On Ideals and alpha-Sets in Topological Spaces with Applications to Boundary Values Issues in (ε,δ)-Domains

Ahmed Taha — 2026-10-18

In order to handle mixed boundary value issues inside local domains of the (ε,δ) type, which permit more complicated geometries than classical domains, this study introduces a novel framework based on ideals and α-sets in topological spaces. Intrinsic features of these domains are extracted, boundary trace, extension, and interpolation theorems are established, and these theorems are then used to solve mixed boundary value issues. Additionally, we investigate the behavior of Bessel and Besov potential spaces on these domains using a novel case: partially disappearing traces on Ahlfors regular sets. This allows us to go beyond the existing findings in smooth spaces.

Riyad. D. S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Mixed-Ligand Cadmium Cd(II) Complexes with 5-Benzylthio-1H-tetrazole and Phosphines.

Riyad — 2026-10-22

Abstract:
The research included the preparation and characterization of new cadmium(II) complexes using the ligand 5-(Benzylthio)-1H-tetrazole (L) as a base material, in the presence of mono- and bidentate phosphines. The complexes [CdL₂(PPh₃)₂]Cl₂, [Cd₂L₄(µ-dppm)₂]Cl₂, and [CdL₂(dppp)]Cl₂ were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ³¹P-NMR were created.The spectral results showed that the ligand (L) behaved as bidentate through coordination via nitrogen atoms, while the phosphine ligands coordinated through phosphorus atoms. SEM analysis also revealed that the complexes possess regular nanostructures. The research further included evaluating the biological activity of the prepared compounds against bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells. This study contributes to the development of new metal complexes with distinctive biological activity, opening promising prospects for their use in pharmaceutical and environmental applications.

Eman W. Al-Berzanje Petrography, Microfacies, Depositional Environment and Diagenetic Evolution of the Upper Triassic Kurra Chine and Baluti Formations, Northern Iraq

Eman Walid Al-Berzanje — 2026-10-22

The Upper Triassic carbonate succession of northern Iraq represents an important record of the northeastern Arabian Plate passive margin and provides valuable information about carbonate platform evolution during the development of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. This study investigates the petrography, microfacies characteristics, depositional environments, and diagenetic evolution of the Baluti and Kurra Chine formations based on detailed microscopic examination of carbonate thin sections from the Ranya and Sirwan sections, northern Iraq. Petrographic analysis reveals that the studied succession is dominated by limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolostone affected by extensive diagenetic modification. Six major microfacies were recognized within both formations based on carbonate texture, allochem composition, Standard Microfacies (SMF), and Wilson facies zones. The identified microfacies indicate deposition within a shallow homoclinal carbonate ramp extending from restricted lagoonal environments to open lagoon and shoal-margin settings. The Kurra Chine Formation records relatively open inner-ramp conditions, characterized by transitions from restricted lagoon (FZ8) through open lagoon (FZ7) to shoal-margin environments (FZ6). In contrast, the Baluti Formation represents a more restricted carbonate system dominated by lagoonal conditions with intermittent siliciclastic input and localized open marine influence. Petrographic observations indicate that both formations experienced complex diagenetic histories involving dolomitization, recrystallization, calcite cementation, dissolution, compaction, and fracturing. Dolomitization represents the dominant diagenetic process and played a significant role in modifying primary carbonate fabrics and developing secondary intercrystalline porosity. Dissolution locally enhanced pore development, whereas late calcite cementation and compaction reduced pore connectivity. The results demonstrate that the Baluti and Kurra Chine formations record cyclic changes in depositional conditions related to relative sea-level fluctuations during the Late Triassic. The integration of petrographic and microfacies analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of carbonate platform evolution, diagenetic modification, and reservoir-quality controls within Upper Triassic carbonate successions of northern Iraq.

Alaa M. Al-Wazan Calcareous Nannofossils Biostratigraphy of Chia Gara Formation in Banik village, Northern Iraq

Alaa Mahmood Al-Wazan — 2026-10-22

Much of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation may be seen in northern Iraq. Black shale, thin to medium-bedded yellowish limestone, and thin-bedded brown argillaceous limestone make up the majority of its lithology. It is acknowledged that this lithology is an important source rock for hydrocarbons. Four biostratigraphic biozones were determined using the recognized calcareous nannofossil assemblage and their most valuable index species. These biozones are colored from the section's younger top to its older base.:

. Nannoconus bermudezii Interval Range zone (CC0)2. Nannoconus steinmannii Interval Range zone (CC1)3. Assipetra infracretacea Interval Range zone (CC2)4. Calcicalathina oblongata Interval Range zone (CC3) The age of the Chia Gara Formation was then determined by correlating these biozones with other zonal global biozonation systems (Tithonian to Valanginian)..

Noor N. A. Heavy Metal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources of Kirkuk, Iraq: A Systematic Assessment of Published Data and Evaluation of Treatment Technologies

noor nabeel — 2026-10-22

This review systematically discussed the heavy metal contamination in drinking water sources in Kirkuk Governorate and similar areas of Iraq based on published data for the period 2010-2026. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were collected from peer reviewed studies on water treatment plants, groundwater wells and industrial wastewater. The results showed that the treatment plants in Kirkuk municipality (Kiwan and Al-Dibs) are efficient in reducing heavy metals below the detection limits, while the industrial wastewater and shallow groundwater in the surrounding areas are highly contaminated. The cadmium and lead concentrations in Kirkuk industrial zones were 100 to 300 times higher than Iraqi Standard 417/2011 and WHO guidelines. Health risk indices (HPI > 100) classify several sources as critically polluted. This review explores the conventional and emerging treatment technologies including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation and low-cost adsorption for their suitability in the Iraqi context. Removal efficiencies of 85 to 99% were obtained by low-cost adsorbents such as activated carbon and clay minerals, which are recommended for decentralized rural systems, while membrane technologies (RO/NF) are optimal for urban treatment plants. The results suggest the need for continuous monitoring, tight control of industrial effluents and use of appropriate treatment technologies to protect the health of the peoples of Kirkuk.