Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences

Currency and Financial Crisis: A Review Study of Prediction Models and Crisis Management Strategies

Haitham Assi Kareem, Idress Mohammed Husien — Sat, 22 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Predicting currency and financial crises has garnered a lot of attention and research, with notable developments and a variety of methodological approaches. This review article summarizes current research from 2019 to 2024 with an emphasis on the kinds of datasets, timeframes, and models used. The examination displays a wide range of data, from the 1970s to 2022, with the majority of studies depending on data collected after the 1990s because of its increased dependability and availability. Many models have been used, such as Markov switching models, artificial neural networks (ANN), signal approaches, deep neural decision trees (DNDTs), and traditional econometric models like logit and probit. The results emphasize that there isn't a single model that is always better; rather, they emphasize the significance of choosing models based on context and the advantages that hybrid or ensemble approaches may have. Our review highlights that to improve prediction accuracy, a variety of datasets and models must be used. Because currency crises are inherently complex, a multifaceted strategy that makes use of both conventional econometric and contemporary machine learning techniques is required. To better capture the complex dynamics of economic indicators, future research should investigate higher frequency data and keep improving hybrid methodologies. This thorough analysis contributes to the current discussion on currency and financial crisis forecasting by offering insightful analysis and directing future research paths.

Polyphenols of Mulberry White (Morus alba L.) Leaves as a Source of Functional Food: A Review

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Mulberry is a plant that grows in temperate to subtropical climates. Mulberry leaves are economically feasible due to their historical importance in sericulture, so their production increases yearly, but the large output leads to a large percentage of residues. As a result, it was largely accumulated, creating controversial consequences, rather than being reintegrated into the manufacturing process for a new function. However, this residue in mulberry leaves naturally contains high levels of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. Mulberry leaves have a vital pharmaceutical potential role as antibacterial and antioxidant. Mulberry leaves have many health benefits, such as anticancer, antiviral, and anti-obesity etc. However, many extraction methods can benefit different uses as food innovation, leading to added-value products. So, the current review article provides a comprehensive discussion concerning extraction methods, metabolism, health effects such as Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Anti-obesity, Activity of anticonvulsant, Antiatherosclerosis, and SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, and various uses in the food industry.

Monkeypox Virus: A Review

Huda Mawlood Taher, Hiyam Jamal Ibrahim, Bayan Mohammed Mahdi — Fri, 02 May 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Monkeypox is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which is related to the smallpox virus. It is a double-strand DNA virus enclosed in an envelope and a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Orthopoxviridae family. This disease was spread in West and Central African countries and other regions as well. It transmits through direct contact with the skin lesions of an infected person, as well as through respiratory droplets and contaminated materials. Monkeypox is generally less severe than smallpox, and most people recover completely from it; however, it is still serious, especially for young children, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. It causes pain, fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes.

An Investigation of the Magnetic and Structural Characteristics of Li-Ni ferrite nanoparticles

Ebtihal Khidher — Sun, 13 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Nanoparticles of Li-Ni ferrite (LiNi₀.₅Fe₂O₄) were synthesized through the sol-gel auto combustion method, employing lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate, and ferric nitrate as precursors, with citric acid acting as a chelating agent. The samples were annealed at temperatures (as-burnt, from 400 to 800 °C). The impact of various calcination temperatures on the crystalline structure and magnetic characteristics of the LiNi₀.₅Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles was meticulously investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

From XRD analysis, crystallite size D determined for the most intense (311) peak using Scherrer’s formula. An increase in crystallite size was observed with higher annealing temperatures in the range of 28.50-41.345 nm, while coercivity with range 47.9-154.5 Oe showed an initial rise before decreasing as crystallite size grew. Variations in saturation magnetization (range 6.23-8.02 emu/g) and 1attice constant (range 8.291-8.295 °A) displayed a similar trend, decreasing at 400 °C and 600 °C but increasing at 800 °C.

Assessing the Radioactivity of Samples Taken during a Dust Storm in the Iraqi City of Hilla

Rawaa M. Obaid, Inaam H. Kadhim — Sat, 26 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The research aims to investigate the distinguishing behaviors and risk indicators in samples of dust storms in Hilla city, Iraq. NaI (Tl) detector was used for the measurements, along with spectrum analysis. The findings of the measurements of elements ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K's specific activities in samples from dust storms ranged for ²³⁸U from 9.2 ± 0.5 to 22.9 ± 0.8 (Bq/kg) at an average 16.92 ± 0.7 (Bq/kg), the range of ²³²Th's specific activity was between 2.7 ± 0.2 to 11.41 ± 0.5 at the average6.5 ± 0.3 (Bq/kg), whereas the range for ⁴⁰K was 119.43 ± 2.2 to 174.92 ± 2.6 (Bq/kg) with mean150.34 ± 2.4 (Bq/kg). Furthermore, it is shown that the radium equivalent activity and absorbed dose in dust storm samples average 37.774 Bq/kg and 34.881(nGy/h), respectively, and the external hazard index was 0.102. In contrast, the average of the effective dose of samples was 0.022 mSv/y. The findings of the present study were compared with the global average, the levels were discovered to be within the advised limit according to UNSCEAR.

A Novel Approach in Number Theory for Representing Large Numbers: The Arrow-Free Notation

Dr Laith Al-ossm — Sat, 26 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This article introduces a new notation for expressing extremely large numbers, based on the hyperoperation concept in group theory. The method employs a finite sequence of positive integers separated by specific notational symbols, allowing for concise representation through an arrow-free notation: ( ), where b represents the number of copies of a, and n denotes the arrow’s number described by a general formula. This recursive definition aims to replace the Knuth up-arrow notation and Conway chained arrow notation, which require the insertion of arrows between or within numbers. The new approach simplifies these expressions, eliminating the need for such symbols and providing a straightforward and concise method for representing large numbers. The aim was to develop a more efficient method, arrow-free notation, reducing the complexity and steps necessary with previous notations.

Approximate Solutions of Nonlinear Integral Equations Using the Cubic B-Spline Scaling Method

Mohammed Jabbar Adaay Al-Sharea — Mon, 28 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This paper examines a category of general nonlinear integral equations. These equations also include many special cases, such as functional equations and nonlinear integral equations of the Volterra type. In order to approximate the solutions to numerous physical, chemical, and biological issues, we implemented an approach that incorporates the fixed-point method and semi-vertical cubic scaling functions. We also obtain a numerical solution to the integral equation. Numerical examples illustrate the accuracy and validity of this method.

Assessment of IoMT-Based Remote Patient Monitoring Used to Support Healthcare System in Kirkuk City

Lamees S. Ahmed, Abdulrahman Ikram Siddiq — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Recently, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)-based telemedicine applications are acquiring increasing attention. This is due to their benefits, especially during pandemic circumstances. A popular example is the Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) system, whose performance crucially depends on the components used, mainly the available Internet connectivity. Since similar RPM systems operating in different areas can perform differently, the reliability of these systems is questionable. Therefore, in this paper, the reliability of an RPM system is assessed and tested under realistic operation conditions in Kirkuk city. The purpose is to figure out to what extent the RPM system is applicable under the locally available technologies. Extensive tests by using a 12 Mbps optical Internet connection and two different cloud platforms show that the system encountered a maximum delay of about 59 seconds with an average availability exceeding 98%. The tests proved the robustness of the system, and it is henceforth recommended for practical application in Kirkuk city to support the healthcare system.

Landfill Site Suitability Assessment Based on GIS and Multicriteria Analysis: A Case Study of Kirkuk City

Hana Kareem Shekho, Muntadher Aidi Shareef — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This study looks at the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of possible landfill locations in Kirkuk City, Iraq, as well as their spatiotemporal appropriateness. This study used different types of data, including Landsat satellite imagery, soil texture, groundwater level, and slope. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized for multi-criteria decision analysis of possible landfill sites, linear regression was employed for population projection, and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was utilized for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)/ Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) prediction. The suitability ratings for prospective dump sites were produced using the AHP-based Geographic Information Index (GIS) techniques. The results reveal that the selection of landfill locations minimizes environmental effects and advances environmentally sound waste management. The technique provides a framework for assessing the appropriateness of dump sites in various geographical areas. Moreover, the projections for the future emphasize Kirkuk City's need for upgraded waste management facilities. Furthermore, urban planners and politicians in Kirkuk City may benefit greatly from this research's data-driven approach to landfill site selection, which takes social and environmental concerns into account and has implications for sustainable waste management techniques.

Assessing The Environmental Quality of Kirkuk City and Taza District Based on Pressure-State-Response Framework for Winter 2023 Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Sundus Mohammed Azeez, Muntadher Aidi Shareef, Fawzi Mardan Omer — Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Evaluating a region's Ecological Environment Quality (EEQ) is an essential factor in deciding its urbanization and sustainable development rate. This study aims to find the Ecological Index (EI). It evaluates it using the widely used Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework based on a set of statistical and remote sensing indices in Kirkuk City and Taza district. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to obtain 12 indicators that offer a foundation for sustainable development decision-making for Kirkuk City and Taza District during the winter of 2023. The finding reveals that the ecological condition is healthy in winter due to the atmospheric conditions and the social and economic activities. It presents the main relation between environmental health and human activities.

Synthesis, Characterization, and CO2 Capture Application of Cu(II)-paracetamol complex

Mohanad Ali Sultan — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

A cu(II)-paracetamol complex was synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and melting point analysis. The ligand paracetamol acted as a tridentate chelating agent, coordinating through the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups. The complex was found to be more soluble in DMSO. Job's method of continuous variation suggested a 1:2 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry. The synthesized Cu(II) complex was evaluated for CO₂ adsorption performance, demonstrating promising uptake capacity due to the strong affinity of the metal center for CO₂ molecules.

Effect of the Structural and Electrical Properties of Bi2-xPbxBa2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superconductors with Partial Substitution of Lead by Bismuth

Alyaa H. Ail Jassim — Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This manuscript discusses the preparation of Bi_2-xPb_xBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_10+δcompounds by the method of solid-state reaction at the annealing temperature 850 C˚. Under pressure of 8ton/cm² with a presence of enough oxygen and these are considered as ideal conditions according to the previous researches in the preparation of electric superconductors of high degree temperatures the effect of partial substitution was on Lead )Pb( e1ement in the Bismuth (Bi) e1ement was studied to produce a compound with formula of Bi_2-xPb_xBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_10+δand for different ratios of x to know the effect of partial substitution to form Bi2223 phase at the annealing time 72 hrs and we concluded from study of diffraction of x-ray that the compound kept its tetragonal structure , and critical temperature)Tc( degrees were obtained Tc= 128K,130K, 135K, 132K, and that’s at substitution ratios x=0,0.15,0.25,0.3, respectively it was clear the best substitution ratios of pb in Bi was when x=0.25.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Types of Local and Imported Tea from Iraqi Markets

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The presence of heavy metals in plants, including tea plants, is influenced by factors such as the plant's origin, geographic location, soil geochemistry, and environmental contaminants in soil, water, and air. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals pose serious health risks to humans, including the potential for various cancers and damage to vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. In this study, seven tea samples were collected from the Iraqi market to examine their safety for consumption, indicated as T1-T7. The selection of the samples is based on a questionnaire answered by 140 individuals; T1-T6 samples are black tea, and T7 is green tea. Although the primary objective of this research is to determine the heavy metal content and toxicity of all the tea samples, the secondary one is to assess whether the drying process affects the levels of heavy metals by comparing green and black tea. The analysis is conducted on the samples via the Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The EDX results showed the presence of S, K, Al, and P in the T1 sample, while K, Al, and Mg were identified in the T2 sample, S, K, Al, and P in T3, only K in T4, K and Fe in T5, K, P, and S in T6, and Only K in T7. The results obtained from the AAS showed that all samples have normal concentrations of Fe and Zn but not for Ni (in samples T1, T2, and T3) and manganese (in samples T1, T2, T4, T5, T6, and T7). Those detected concentrations are higher than the permissible levels, and their levels are within the toxic limits according to the standard limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). However, the other heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Co) were either not detected or were below the detection limits of AAS, indicating that these samples are free from the mentioned toxic heavy metals.