Nanoplastics: A Growing Threat to Reproductive Health: “A Comprehensive Review”
Nanoplastics and health
Keywords:
Nanoplastics (NPs); Human exposure; Health effects; Hazards of NPs; Toxicity; Reproductive toxicity; Health effectsAbstract
Due to their widespread presence in the environment, nanoplastics (NPs) have given rise to serious worries over their possible hazardous to human health, particularly to the reproductive organs. A thorough evaluation and assessment of their toxicity to human organs and tissues is necessary in light of the increasing concern and paucity of research on their health impacts. Over 15% of couples worldwide are affected by infertility, which is a rising global trend. Among the main causes of infertility are environmental factors, But nothing is known about how NPs affect the ovaries and testes. These particles interfere with the development of reproductive system in a size-dependent way. They can come into touch with the skin, swallow food, or breathe in. This review looking at how NPs negatively affect reproductive function, as well as the different phases of germ cell development and possible pathways. We also provide an overview of the combined reproductive toxicity of NPs and related pollutants. In light of the small scope of existing research, we support a move toward novel technologies and the use of multi-omics techniques to further relevant investigations. In order to create effective preventative This research looks at shape, type of polymer, and transferred toxins. This review will cover the consequences of natural pollutant exposure on human fertility, the deleterious effects of NPs on reproductive function, the different phases of germ cell development, and possible mechanisms. This paper thoroughly investigates the genesis, degrees of environmental toxicity, and possible effects of nanoplastics on human reproductive health. Understanding the risks posed by NPs and the toxicity processes that go along with them is made possible by this review. This review seeks to promote more study into the basic features of nanoplastics, biological reactions, and the harmful consequences they elicit owing to their specific qualities by drawing attention to the problem of NP pollution.
References
Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, et al. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on plastics and human health. Ann Glob Health. 2023;89(1):
Alijagic A, Hedbrant A, Persson M, Larsson M, Engwall E, Särndahl E. NLRP3 inflammasome as a sensor of micro- and nanoplasticsimmunotoxicity. Front Immunol. 2023;14.
Wen S, Zhao S, Liu H, Yuan T, You H, Xu H. Microplastics-perturbed gut microbiota triggered testicular disorder in male mice: via fecal microbiota transplantation. Environ Pollut. 2022;309.
Wu H, Wei Y, Zhou C, Long Y, Hong Y, Fu Y. Bisphenol S perturbs Sertoli cell junctions in male rats via alterations in cytoskeletal organization mediated by an imbalance between mTORC1 and mTORC2. Sci Total Environ. 2021;762.
Wu HQ, Liu N, Yang S, Xu X. Polystyrene-microplastics and DEHP co-exposure induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and necroptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in mice by promoting ROS production. Sci Total Environ. 2023;871.
Xu EG, Cheong RS, Liu L, Hernandez LM, Azimzada A, Bayen S, et al. Primary and secondary plastic particles exhibit limited acute toxicity but chronic effects on Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(11):6859–68.
An R, Wang X, Yang L, Zhang J, Wang N, Xu F. Polystyrene microplastics cause granulosa cells apoptosis and fibrosis in ovary through oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology. 2021;449.
Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, et al. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on plastics and human health. Ann Glob Health. 2023;89(1):
Bramer WM, Rethlefsen ML, Kleijnen J, Franco OH. Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study. Syst Rev. 2017;6:245.
Ullah S, Ahmad S, Guo X, Ullah S, Ullah S, Nabi G. A review of the endocrine-disrupting effects of micro- and nano-plastics and their associated chemicals in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13.
Villacorta A, Rubio L, Alaraby M, López-Mesas M, Fuentes-Cebrian V, Moriones OH, et al. A new source of representative secondary PET nanoplastics: Obtention, characterization, and hazard evaluation. J Hazard Mater. 2022;439:129593.
Browne MA, Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Williams R, Thompson RC, van Franeker JA. Linking effects of anthropogenic debris to ecological impacts. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2015;282(1807):20142929.
Deng Y, Yan Z, Shen R, Huang Y, Ren H, Zhang Y. Enhanced reproductive toxicities induced by phthalates-contaminated microplastics in male mice (Musmusculus). J Hazard Mater. 2021;406.
Du L, Chen W, Cheng Z, Wu S, He J, Han L. Novel gene regulation in normal and abnormal spermatogenesis. Cells. 2021;10.
Dufour JM, Dass B, Halley KR, Korbutt GS, Dixon DE, Rajotte RV. Sertoli cell line lacks the immunoprotective properties associated with primary Sertoli cells. Cell Transplant. 2008;17:525–34.
Dusza HM, Katrukha EA, Nijmeijer SM, Akhmanova A, Vethaak AD, Walker DI. Uptake, transport, and toxicity of pristine and weathered micro- and nanoplastics in human placenta cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2022;130.
Eriksen M, Lebreton L, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, et al. Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e111913.
Awad FM, Al-Samarrai AHM, Dheeb BI. Study of the inhibitory effects of rheum ribes extracts on a pathogenic fungi and cancer cell line. Plant Arch, 2020 .20(1): 3161–3168.
Zhou Y, Wang Y. Action and interaction between retinoic acid signaling and blood-testis barrier function in the spermatogenesis cycle. Cells. 2022;11.
Zhu J, Dong X, Zhao N, Jiang S, Jin H. Microplastics in polystyrene-made food containers from China: abundance, shape, size, and human intake. Environ SciPollut Res Int. 2023;30(14):40084–93.
Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2009;3:16–20.
Feng Y, Yuan H, Wang W, Xu J, Zhang Y, Xu H. Co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and lead aggravated ovarian toxicity in female mice via the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022;243.
Ge ZJ, Gioia Klinger F, Taketo T. Intra- and extra-environment and reproduction. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:1020470.
Ghayebzadeh M, Aslani H, Taghipour H, Mousavi S. Estimation of plastic waste inputs from land into the Caspian Sea: A significant unseen marine pollution. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;151:110871.
Ghorbani M, Hosseini FS, Yunesian M, Keramat A. Dropout of infertility treatments and related factors among infertile couples. Reprod Health. 2020;17:192.
Haddadi K, Kessabi S, Boughammoura MB, Rhouma R, Mlouka M, Banni M. Exposure to microplastics leads to defective ovarian function and changes in cytoskeleton protein expression in rats. Environ SciPollut Res Int. 2022;29:606.
Zhou L, Yu Z, Xia S, Cheng J, Gao W,Sun W. Repression of autophagy leads to acrosome biogenesis disruption caused by a sub-chronic oral administration of polystyrene nanoparticles. Environ Int. 2019;163.
Hamza MU, Ijaz H, Anwar H. Rhamnetin alleviates polystyrene microplastics-induced testicular damage by restoring biochemical, steroidogenic,hormonal, apoptotic, inflammatory, spermatogenic, and histological profiles in male albino rats. Hum ExpToxicol. 2023;42.
Deng YZ, Yan R, Shen M, Wang Y, Huang H.Microplastics release phthalate esters and cause aggravated adverse effects in the mouse gut Environ. Int 2020;143.
Salih, II, Seddiq SH, Hashim SS, Dheeb BI . Application of Omics and Proteomics in Fungi. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2022. (2394):1.
Han YW, Shi Y, Tang W, Zhou H, Sun J Zhang.Microplastics and bisphenol A hamper gonadal development of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei) by interfering with metabolism and disrupting hormone regulation Sci. Total Environ., 2022;810.
Hartmann NBT, Hüffer RC, Thompson M, Hassellöv A, Verschoor AE. Daugaard, Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019;53:1039-1047.
Zhu Y, Che R, Zong X, Wang J, Li J, Zhang C, & Wang F. A comprehensive review on the source, ingestion route, attachment and toxicity of microplastics/nanoplastics in human systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024;352:120039.
Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: consequences to human health?. Environmental pollution, 2018;234:115-126.
Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects. Science Total Environment, 2020;702:134455.
Jiang RD, Liu M, Q Chen, Y Shan, C Zhou, YW Shen, XR, Shi ZL. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Cell, 2020;182(1):50-58.
Yang YF, Chen CY, Lu TH, Liao CM. Toxicity-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic assessment for bioaccumulation of polystyrene microplastics in mice. J Hazardous Materials, 2019;366:703-713.
Horton A A, Walton A, Spurgeon D J, Lahive E, Svendsen C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of the Total Environment, 2017;586:127-141.
Hou B, Fang F, Liu T, Wang Z. Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: in vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice J. Hazard. Mater., 2021;405.
Hou LD, Wang K, Yin Y, Zhang H, Lu T. Polystyrene microplastics induce apoptosis in chicken testis via crosstalk between NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2022;262.
Hsiao ZH, Li L, Yu X, Yin L. Characterization of primary canine Sertoli cells as a model to test male reproductive toxicant.Toxicol, 2022;84.
Hu J X, Qin J Zhang, Zhu Y, Zeng W, Lin Y. Polystyrene microplastics disturb maternal-fetal immune balance and cause reproductive toxicity in pregnant mice Reprod. Toxicol., 2021;106:42-50.
Jaikumar GNR, Brun MG, Vijver T Bosker. Reproductive toxicity of primary and secondary microplastics to three cladocerans during chronic exposure Environ. Pollut., 2019;249:638-646.
Jambeck J R, Geyer R, Wilcox C ,Siegler T R, Perryman M, Andrady A, Law KL. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 2015;347(6223):768-771.
Karbalaei S, Hanachi P, Walker T R, Cole M. Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 2018;25:36046-36063.
Lambert S, Wagner M. Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere, 2016;145:265-268.
Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, Dunlop S. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on plastics and human health. Annals of Global Health, 2023;89(1).
Lett Z, Hall A, Skidmore S, Alves NJ. Environmental microplastic and nanoplastic: Exposure routes and effects on coagulation and the cardiovascular system. Environmental Pollution, 2021;291:118190.
Bedi MN, von Goetz, CNg. Estimating polybrominateddiphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure through seafood consumption in Switzerland using international food trade data Environ. Int., 2020;138.
Bedoui S, MJ Herold A. Strasser Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and its physiological implications Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2020;21:678-695.
ZhengX J, Chen L Kang Y, Wei Y, Wu Y Hong. Prepubertal exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles induces Leydig cell injury with steroidogenesis disorders in mouse testes Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2023;654.
Khalid A R, Shah T, Asad M , Ali A, Samee E, Adnan F, Haider G. Biochar alleviated the toxic effects of PVC microplastic in a soil-plant system by upregulating soil enzyme activities and microbial abundance. Environmental Pollution, 2023;332: 121810.
Kole PJ, Löhr AJ, Van Belleghem F, Ragas Wear AMJ. Ragas Wear and tear of tyres: a stealthy source of microplastics in the environment Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017;14.
Bhattacharya IS, DeyA. Banerjee Revisiting the gonadotropic regulation of mammalian spermatogenesis: evolving lessons during the past decade Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2023;14:72.
Li D, Sun W, Jiang X, Yu Z, Xia Y, Cheng S. Polystyrene nanoparticles enhance the adverse effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on male reproductive system in mice Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 2022;245.
Busch M,Bredeck G, Waag F, Rahimi K, Ramachandran H, Bessel T. Assessing the NLRP3 inflammasome activating potential of a large panel of micro- and nanoplastics in THP-1 cells. Bio Molecules 2022;12.
Chen H,Wang Y, Ge R, ZirkinBR. Leydig cell stem cells: identification, proliferation and differentiation Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2017;445:65-73
Contino M, Ferruggia G, Indelicato S, Pecoraro R, Scalisi EM, Bracchitta G. In vitro nano-polystyrene toxicity: metabolic dysfunctions and cytoprotective responses of human spermatozoa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012;11.
Corcoran PL, Biesinger MC, Grifi M. Plastics and beaches: a degrading relationship. Marine pollution bulletin, 2009;58(1):80-84.
Liu M, Lu S, Song Y, Lei L, Hu J, Lv W, He D. Microplastic and mesoplastic pollution in farmland soils in suburbs of Shanghai, China. Environmental pollution, 2018;242:855-862.
Liu X,Yang H, Yan X, Xu S, Fan Y, Xu H. Co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics and iron aggravates cognitive decline in aging mice via ferroptosis induction Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe, 2022;233.
Lucas N , Bienaime C, Belloy C, Queneudec M, Silvestre F, Nava-Saucedo J E. Polymer biodegradation: Mechanisms and estimation techniques–A review. Chemosphere, 2008;73(4): 429-442.
Panko JM, Hitchcock KM, Fuller GW, Green D. Evaluation of tire wear contribution to PM2.5 in urban environments Atmosphere, 2019;10:99
PunjaniN, Lamb DJ. Canary in the coal mine? Male infertility as a marker of overall health. Annual Review of Genetics, 2020;54(1):465-486.
SalthammerT. Microplastics and their additives in the indoor environment. AngewandteChemie, 2022;134(32):e202205713.
Shi W, Sun S, Han Y, Tang Y, Zhou W, Zhang W. Microplastics hamper the fertilization success of a broadcast spawning bivalve through reducing gamete collision and gamete fusion efficiency Aquat. Toxicol, 2022;242.
Flores-Romero H, Ros U, Garcia-SaezAJ. Pore formation in regulated cell death EMBO J, 2020;39.
Fournier SB, . D’ErricoJN, Adler DS, KollontziS, GoedkenMJ, Fabris L.Nanopolystyrene translocation and fetal deposition after acute lung exposure during late-stage pregnancy Part. FibreToxicol., 2020;17:55.
Dheeb B I, Abdulla S N, Shanter ALQaysi, S A, Al-Sarraj B M and Farhan M S. Extraction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans biofilm and studying their cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes. J J B S., 2023. 16(4):717 – 726.
Snow M, Vranich TM, Perin J, Trent M. Estimates of infertility in the United States: 1995–2019. Fertility and Sterility, 2022;118(3):560-567.
Szamatowicz M,Szamatowicz J. Proven and unproven methods for diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Advances Medical Sciences, 2020;65(1):93-96.
Turner A, Holmes L, Thompson R C, Fisher AS. Metals and marine microplastics: Adsorption from the environment versus addition during manufacture, exemplified with lead. Water Research, 2020; 173:115577.
Virtanen HEA. Adamsson Cryptorchidism and endocrine disrupting chemicals Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2021;355:208-220.
Virtanen HE, Jørgensen N, ToppariJ. Semen quality in the 21(st) century Nat. Rev. Urol., 2017;14:120-130.
Wang J, Li Y, Lu L, Zheng M, Zhang X, Tian H. Polystyrene microplastics cause tissue damages, sex-specific reproductive disruption and transgenerational effects in marine medaka (Oryziasmelastigma Environ. Pollut., 2019;254.
Wei Y. Zhou C. Long H. Wu Y. HongY Fu. Polystyrene microplastics disrupt the blood-testis barrier integrity through ROS-mediated imbalance of mTORC1 and mTORC2 Environ. Pollut., 2021;289.
Xu W, Yuan Y, Tian Y, Cheng C, Chen Y, Zeng L, Luo, T. Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reduced male fertility and even caused male infertility by inducing testicular and sperm toxicities in mice. Journal Hazardous Materials, 2023;454, 131470.
Yee MSL, Hii LW, Looi CK, Lim WM, Wong SF, Kok YY, Leong CO. Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health. Nanomaterials, 2021;11(2): 496.
Yuan J, Ma J, Sun Y, Zhou T, Zhao Y, Yu F. Microbial degradation and other environmental aspects of microplastics/plastics. Science Total Environment, 2021;715:136968. Zeng L, Zhou C Xu W, Huang Y, Wang W, Ma Z, Zheng L. The ovarian-related
effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on human ovarian granulosa cells and female mice. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety, 2023;257:114941.
Zhang C, Wang Z, Ma S, Chen R, Wang S, Zhang H. Repair mechanism of YishenTongluo formula on mouse sperm DNA fragmentation caused by polystyrene microplastics. Pharm. Biol., 2023;61.
Zhang YQ, Lykaki M, Markiewicz M, AlrajoulaMT, Kraas C, StolteS. Environmental contamination by microplastics originating from textiles: emission, transport, fate and toxicity. J Hazard Mater, 2022;430.
He JX, Yang H, Liu H. Enhanced toxicity of triphenyl phosphate to zebrafish in the presence of micro- and nano-plastics Sci. Total Environ., 2021;756.
He X, Deng H, Hwang HM. The current application of nanotechnology in food and agriculture J. Food Drug Anal., 2019;27:1-21.
Hong Y, Wu S, Wei G. Adverse effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on the reproductive system: A comprehensive review of fertility and potential harmful interactions. Science Total Environment, 2023;166258.
Hong Y, Zhou Y, Shen L, Wei Y, LongC, Fu Y. Exposure to DEHP induces testis toxicity and injury through the ROS/mTOR/NLRP3 signaling pathway in immature rats Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2021;227.
Zhu Y, Che R, Zong X, Wang J, Li J, Zhang C, Wang F. A comprehensive review on the source, ingestion route, attachment and toxicity of microplastics/nanoplastics in human systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024;352:120039.
Yang YF, Chen CY, Lu TH, Liao CM. Toxicity-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic assessment for bioaccumulation of polystyrene microplastics in mice. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019;366:703-713.