Maternal Infections Associated with Bad Obstetric Outcome: Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32441/ijms.2.1.2Keywords:
BOH, Bad obstetric history, Bad obstetric outcome, CMV, HSV, Maternal infectionAbstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is with global distribution and range of 30-100%. CMV infection is the most common congenital viral infection worldwide . The sign of congenital CMV infection encountered most frequently is hearing loss, which wills 12.6% of congenitally infected newborns and congenital CMV infection form 10-20% as a cause of total hearing loss in children. About
10% of the live-born infants with congenital CMV infection are symptomatic at birth. Where as an additional 10% of the infected newborns will develop permanent sequelae in the following years. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an abundant, enveloped, and double stranded DNA virus, belonging to the family of Herpesviridae transmitted across mucosal membranes and non intact skin, with ability to induce chronic latent infection. Susceptibility to HSV infection is associated with HLA antigens. The virus type incidence is about the same for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains, while HSV-2 is the most predominant in recurrent infections. HVS -1 is the common strain in labial herpetic infection, while HSV-2 is the predominant in genital infection. The site of latency is the trigeminal ganglia for labial herpetic infection and lumbosacral ganglia for genital herpetic infection. Changes in sexual behaviors of young adults may partly explain its higher incidence.
References
Lazim HH, Kadhim HS. Review of sero-prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in Iraq. J Microb Experiment 2018; 6(2):50-55.
Siddiqui AR, Ibrahim S, Siddqui AA, Moss P, Lalani E. Human cytomegalovirus : a neglected public health area of significant relevance to women, the foetus and new born. Time to action. J Pak Med Assoc 2017; 67(6):827-829.
Alsamarai AGM, Aljumaili ZK. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus -2 in women with bad obstetric history. PART II. Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus Infections, Our Dermatology 2013; 4:536-544.
Goderis J, Leenheer ED, Smets K, Hoecke HV, Keymeulen A, Dhooge I. Hearing loss and congenital CMV infection: A systematic review. Pediatric 2014; 134(6):972-982.
Lanzieri TM, Chung W, Flores M, Blum P, Caviness AC, Bialek SR, et al. Hearing loss in children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatrics 2017; 139(3):e20162610.
Wasenko JM, Howard J, Arbuckle S. Human cytomegalovirus infection is detected frequently in stillbirths and is associated with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. J Infect Dis 2011; 203(11):1526-33.
Bodéus M, Kabamba-Mukadi BF, Zech C, Hubinont P, Goubau P. Human cytomegalovirus In utero transmission: follow-up of 524 maternal seroconversion. Journal of Clinical Virology 2010; 47(2): 201–202.
Maxim CJ, Cheeran JR, Mark R, Schleiss A. Neuropathogenesis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Disease mechanisms and prospects for intervention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:1 99-126.
Mark RS. The role of the placenta in the pathogenesis of congenital cytomegalovirus Infection: Is the benefit of cytomegalovirus immune globulin for the newborn mediated through improved placental health and function? Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:101–3.
Murph JR, Baron JC, Brown CL, Ebelhack J, Bale Jr. The occupational risk of cytomegalovirus infection among day-care providers. J Am Med Assoc 2009;265(5):603–608
Zuylen WJ, Hamilton ST, Naing Z, Hall B, Shand A, Eawlinson WD. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention. Obstet Med 2014; 7:140-146.
Kimberlin D, Brady M, Jackson M, Long S. Cytomegalovirus. Report of the committee of infectious diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015:pp.317-322.
Lanzieri TM, Dollard SC, Bialek SR, Grosse SD. Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 22:44-48.
Marshal B, Adler SP. The frequency of pregnancy and exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections among women with a young child in day care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200(2):163-165.
Hassan HM, Alsamarai AGM, Aljumaili ZK, Alobaidi AH, Alsalihi FG. Association between cytomegalovirus infection and bad obstetric history in women from Kirkuk. Int J Public Health Sci 2014; 3(1):29-42.
Aljumaili ZKM, Alsamarai AGM, Najem WS. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in women with bad obstetric history in Kirkuk, Iraq. J Infection Public Health 2014; 7(4):277-88.
Farshidi F, Abedi G, Moosazadeh M, Afshari M. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies and primary infection among women and infants in Iran: A meta-analysis. Iran J Cancer Prev 2017; 10(1):e3704.
Kumar M, Nizam MB, Mugunthan M. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in antenatal women in a tertiary care center in Western India. J Mar Med Soc 2017; 19:51-54.
Lachmann R, Loenenbach A, Waterboer T, Brenner N, Pawlita M, Michel A, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence in the adult population of Germany. PLoS ONE 2018; 13(7):e0200267.
Alsamarai AGM, Hassan HMM, Alsalihi FG, Alobaidi AH, Aljumaily ZK. Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus co-infections as a risk factors for abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Middle East J Fam Med 2014; 12(3):16-23.
Aljumaily ZK, Alsamarai AGM, Najem WS. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex in women with bad obstetric history. Middle East J Intern Med 2013; 6(6):21-33.
Nelson CS, Herold BC, Permar SR. A new era in cytomegalovirus vaccinology: considerations for rational design of next generation vaccines to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Npj Vaccines 2018; 3:38.
Munira J. Laboratory diagnosis of CMV infection: A review. Bangladish J Med Microbiol 2010; 2:39-44.
Carlier P, Harika N, Bailly R, Vranken K. Laboratory evaluation of the new access cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin IgM and IgG assays. J Clin Virol 2010; 49(3):192-197.
Al-Hasani AM, Barton IG, Al- Omer LS, Kinghorn GR, Potter CW. Susceptibility of HSV strains from patients with genital herpes treated with various formulations of acyclovir. J Antimicrobiological Chemother 1983; 18(Suppl.B)//;113-119.
Jabbar AA, al- Samarai AM, al- Amar NS. HLA antigens associated with susceptibility to HSV infection. Dis Marker (USA) 1997; 3:26-33.
Al- Samarai AGM. Type incidence of HSV in clinical isolates from patients with herpes genitalis. Ann Saudi Med 1990; 10:156-160.
Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet 2007; 70:2127–2137.
Al- Samarai AM, Shareef AA, Kinghorn GR, Potter CW. Sequential genital infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. Sexually Trans Infect 1989:65(1):39-41.
Paz-Bailey G, Ramaswamy M, Hawkes SJ, Geretti AM. Herpes simplex virus type2: epidemiology and management options in developing countries. Sexually Trans Infect 2007; 83: 16–22.
Kinghorn GR, Abeywickreme M, Jeavons M, Rowland M, Barton I, Al-Hasani G, et al. Efficacy of oral treatment with acyclovir and co-trimazole in first episode genital herpes. Genitourinary Med 1986; 62:33-37.
Looker KJ, Magaret AS, Turner KME, Vickerman P, Gottelieb SL, Newman LM. Global estimates of prevalent and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in 2012. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(1):e114989.
Aljumaili ZK, Alsamarai AGM, Najem WS. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) in women with bad obstetric history. Am J Derm Vener. 2013; 2:31-8.
Hassan HMM, Alsamarai AGM, Aljumaili ZKM, Alsalihi FG. Association between Herpes Simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and bad obstetric outcomes. Our Dermatol On line 2014; 5(1):19-28.
McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, Paulose-Ram R. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016. NCHS Data Brief 2018;304:1-8.
Paz-Bailey G, Ramaswammy M, Hawkes S, Geretti A. Herpes simplex virus type 2: epidemiology and management options in developing countries. Postgrad Med J 2009; 85:299-306.
Weiss H. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus Type 2 infection in the developing world. Herpes Virus 2004; 1:24–35.
Looker KJ, Magaret AS, May MT, Turner KME, Vickerman P, Newman LM, et al. First estimates of the global and regional incidence of neonatal herpes infection. Lancet Global Health 2017; 5:e300-09.
Corey L, Wald A. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. N Eng J Med 2009; 361:1376-1385.
Gantt S, Muller WJ. The immunologic basis for severe neonatal herpes disease and potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:369172.
.Cherpes TL, Meyn MA, Krohn JG, Hillier SL. Association between . Acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37(3):319–325.
Al- Samarai AGM. Herpes simplex specific IgA antibody in patients with primary or recurrent genital herpes. Med J Basrah Univ 1992; 10:15-24.
Miundel A, Marks C. Psychological symptoms associated with genital herpes virus infections: Epidemiology and approached to management. CNS Drug 2005;19(14):303-312.
Al-Samarai AM. Sensitivity of HSV isolates to foscarnet in vitro. Med J Basrah Univ 1987;6:91-97.
Al-Samarai AM. Sensitivity of HSV strains from patients with genital herpes treated with acyclovir. Med J Tikrit Univ 1997;3:26-33.
Al-Samarai A, Kinghorn G, Ptter CW. Sensitivity of HSV clinical isolates to foscarnet and in vitro dual combination of foscarnet and acyclovir. Chemoterapia 1987;6:665-666.
Spicknail IH, Looker KJ, Gottlieb SL, Chesson HW, Schiffer JT, Elmes J, et al. Review of mathematical models of HSV -2 vaccination: Implications for vaccine development. Vaccine 2018;http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.067.
Anna W, Rhoda DJ. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 serological testing for infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013;35(2):173-182.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2019-01-01 (2)
- 2022-05-20 (1)
