Conventional and Nano- Antibodies and Their Future Uses

Abstract

Antibodies are the end products of the humoral immune responses and are produced exclusively from plasma cells. The natural structure is glycoprotein also called immune protein because their function is defence by specialization. The main functions of antibodies are opsonisation, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation and complement activation “fixation”. Conventional antibodies consists of two heavy chains and two light chains and can divided into five Classes, based on diversity in the amino acid sequences in the constant region of heavy chains. Also antibodies can be classified into three different classes including polyclonal, monoclonal and recombinant antibodies dependent on immunotechnology applications. In addition to conventional antibodies in 1993 Hamers-Casterman et al, discover antibodies contain only two heavy chains, and produce from few animal species. These review abductors on these types of antibodies and the extent of independent thinking to be used in the treatment of incurable disease such as cancers